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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elastizitätsmodul</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox float-right" style="margin-top:0; width:350px;" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Physikalische_Größe" summary="Infobox Physikalische Größe">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF; color:inherit;"><a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">Physikalische Größe</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:130px;">Name
</td>
<td><b>E-Modul</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Formelzeichen" title="Formelzeichen">Formelzeichen</a>
</td>
<td><i>E</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="margin:0; padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:-1px; width:350px;" summary="Einheitensysteme">
<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem" title="Größensystem">Größen-</a> und<br><a href="Einheitensystem" title="Einheitensystem">Einheitensystem</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Ma%C3%9Feinheit" title="Maßeinheit">Einheit</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Internationales_Einheitensystem" title="Internationales Einheitensystem">SI</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Pascal_(Einheit)" title="Pascal (Einheit)">Pa</a> = <a href="Newton_(Einheit)" title="Newton (Einheit)">N</a>/<a href="Quadratmeter" title="Quadratmeter">m</a><sup>2</sup> = <a href="Kilogramm" title="Kilogramm">kg</a>·<a href="Meter" title="Meter">m</a><sup>−1</sup>·<a href="Sekunde" title="Sekunde">s</a><sup>−2</sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">M</a>·<a href="L%C3%A4nge_(Physik)" title="Länge (Physik)">L</a><sup>−1</sup>·<a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">T</a><sup>−2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="CGS-Einheitensystem" title="CGS-Einheitensystem">cgs</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Barye_(Einheit)" title="Barye (Einheit)">Ba</a> = <a href="Dyn_(Einheit)" title="Dyn (Einheit)">dyn</a>/<a href="Meter#cm" title="Meter">cm</a><sup>2</sup> = cm<sup>−1</sup>·g·s<sup>−2</sup>
</td>
<td>{{{cgs-Dimension}}}
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><i>Siehe auch:</i> <a href="Spannung_(Mechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannung (Mechanik)">Spannung (Mechanik)</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a> <i>p</i>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Der <b>Elastizitätsmodul</b>, auch <b>E-Modul</b>, <b>Zugmodul</b>, <b>Elastizitätskoeffizient</b>, <b>Dehnungsmodul</b> oder <b><a href="Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young">Youngscher</a> Modul</b>, ist ein <a href="Werkstoffkenngr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Werkstoffkenngröße">Materialkennwert</a> aus der <a href="Materialwissenschaft_und_Werkstofftechnik" title="Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik">Werkstofftechnik</a>. Er beschreibt, wie stark sich ein Material unter der Einwirkung einer Kraft elastisch verformt. Materialien mit hohem Elastizitätsmodul – etwa Stahl – verformen sich bei Belastung nur gering und sind daher <a href="Steifigkeit" title="Steifigkeit">steifer</a> als Materialien mit niedrigem Elastizitätsmodul wie <a href="Elastomere" title="Elastomere">Gummi</a>.
</p><p>Bei <a href="Hookesches_Gesetz" title="Hookesches Gesetz">linear-elastischem Verhalten</a> beschreibt der Elastizitätsmodul den <a href="Proportionalit%C3%A4t" title="Proportionalität">proportionalen</a> Zusammenhang zwischen <a href="Mechanische_Spannung" title="Mechanische Spannung">Spannung</a> und <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a> bei der <a href="Verformung" title="Verformung">Verformung</a> eines <a href="Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper">festen Körpers</a>. Im Fall einer uniaxialen Belastung entspricht er der Proportionalitätskonstanten im <a href="Hookesches_Gesetz" title="Hookesches Gesetz">Hookeschen Gesetz</a> und besitzt damit eine grundlegende Bedeutung in der <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Elastizitätstheorie">Elastizitätstheorie</a>.
</p><p>Die <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe#Größenart" title="Physikalische Größe">Größenart</a> des Elastizitätsmoduls ist die <a href="Mechanische_Spannung" title="Mechanische Spannung">mechanische Spannung</a>. Als <a href="Formelzeichen" title="Formelzeichen">Formelzeichen</a> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> gebräuchlich.
</p><p>Mit zunehmendem Widerstand eines Materials gegen <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Elastizität (Physik)">elastische</a> <a href="Verformung" title="Verformung">Verformung</a> nimmt auch der Elastizitätsmodul zu.
</p><p>In der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Kontinuumsmechanik</a> wird das elastische Verformungsverhalten von Festkörpern allgemein durch den <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tstensor" title="Elastizitätstensor">Elastizitätstensor</a> beschrieben. Abhängig vom <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tstensor#Spezielle_Elastizitätsgesetze" title="Elastizitätstensor">Grad der Anisotropie</a> lassen sich dessen Komponenten durch 2 bis 21 unabhängige Elastizitätskonstanten darstellen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Der Elastizitätsmodul ist als <a href="Steigung" title="Steigung">Steigung</a> des <a href="Linearit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Linearität (Physik)">linear</a>-<a href="Elastizit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Elastizität (Physik)">elastischen</a> Bereiches im <a href="Diagramm" title="Diagramm">Graphen</a> des <a href="Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm" title="Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm">Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramms</a> definiert, wie es sich z. B. bei uniaxialer Belastung im <a href="Zugversuch" title="Zugversuch">Zugversuch</a> ergibt. Dieses <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnungsintervall</a> ist für viele <a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">metallische</a> und <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymere</a> <a href="Werkstoff" title="Werkstoff">Materialien</a> im Vergleich zur maximal möglichen <a href="Verformung" title="Verformung">Gesamtverformung</a> (<a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tsgrenze" title="Elastizitätsgrenze">elastische Dehnung</a> plus <a href="Bruchdehnung" title="Bruchdehnung">Bruchdehnung</a>) klein und wird auch als <i><a href="Hookesches_Gesetz" title="Hookesches Gesetz">Hookescher</a> Bereich</i> bezeichnet.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon }}={\text{const.}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>const.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon }}={\text{const.}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be2ad75630717cdcea8041ac728dd51318abc790.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.093ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon }}={\text{const.}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {F}{A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {F}{A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31def95c6a21e9623f365a856d09d467dfba3983.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.007ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {F}{A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Mechanische_Spannung" title="Mechanische Spannung">mechanische Spannung</a> (<a href="Mechanische_Spannung" title="Mechanische Spannung">Normalspannung</a>, nicht <a href="Mechanische_Spannung#Schubspannung" title="Mechanische Spannung">Schubspannung</a>), also das Verhältnis <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> pro Fläche, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ={\frac {\Delta {l}}{l_{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
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</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon ={\frac {\Delta {l}}{l_{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/072bae7ea70e55d691e7a78478710c831adc5642.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:7.647ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ={\frac {\Delta {l}}{l_{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Dehnung. Letztere ist das Verhältnis von Längenänderung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {l}=l-l_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {l}=l-l_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7945b6e181e882ff8cc32cb61b01ae94a6be9c8b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.009ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {l}=l-l_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezogen auf die ursprüngliche Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e26bea7ddadf1817f47b2d4ce7dc199185823989.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.748ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Einheit des Elastizitätsmoduls ist somit die einer <a href="Mechanische_Spannung" title="Mechanische Spannung">mechanischen Spannung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[E\right]=1\,{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {mm} ^{2}}}=1\,\mathrm {MPa} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[E\right]=1\,{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {mm} ^{2}}}=1\,\mathrm {MPa} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fcdabf6200c5f0c3dd2ed4c38c00a2dd4c2388fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:23.004ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[E\right]=1\,{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {mm} ^{2}}}=1\,\mathrm {MPa} }" loading="lazy"></span>, in <a href="Internationales_Einheitensystem#SI-Einheiten" title="Internationales Einheitensystem">SI-Einheiten</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[E\right]=1\,{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {m} ^{2}}}=1\,\mathrm {Pa} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[E\right]=1\,{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {m} ^{2}}}=1\,\mathrm {Pa} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8aba74b9560f557d8370941326dd91b992a53d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.937ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[E\right]=1\,{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {m} ^{2}}}=1\,\mathrm {Pa} }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Elastizitätsmodul ist als <a href="Mechanik" title="Mechanik">mechanische</a> <a href="Werkstoffkenngr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Werkstoffkenngröße">Materialkonstante</a> Bestandteil von <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tsgesetz" title="Elastizitätsgesetz">Elastizitätsgesetzen</a>. Er kann abhängig von weiteren physikalischen Größen wie der <a href="Temperatur" title="Temperatur">Temperatur</a>, der <a href="Porosit%C3%A4t" title="Porosität">Porosität</a> oder der <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a> sein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herleitung_aus_der_Federkonstanten">Herleitung aus der Federkonstanten</h3></div>
<p>Bei linear-elastischem Verhalten ergibt sich die <a href="Federkonstante" title="Federkonstante">Federkonstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> eines geraden Stabes als Quotient von <a href="Normalkraft" title="Normalkraft">Normalkraft</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> und Längenänderung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {l}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {l}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c14d6178c720b89c70c8e3e9d26b0577037bd55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.629ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {l}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Eine Normierung beider Größen auf die (konstante) <a href="Querschnitt_(Mechanik)" title="Querschnitt (Mechanik)">Querschnittsfläche</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. die Stablänge im unbelasteten Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e26bea7ddadf1817f47b2d4ce7dc199185823989.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.748ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> führt auf den E-Modul als geometrieunabhängigen Materialkennwert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D={\frac {F}{\Delta {l}}}\;\Rightarrow \;{\frac {\tfrac {F}{A}}{\tfrac {\Delta {l}}{l_{0}}}}={\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon }}=E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D={\frac {F}{\Delta {l}}}\;\Rightarrow \;{\frac {\tfrac {F}{A}}{\tfrac {\Delta {l}}{l_{0}}}}={\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon }}=E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3079896d3cfe75db5653aa4e1fb26a1799bb178.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:27.062ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D={\frac {F}{\Delta {l}}}\;\Rightarrow \;{\frac {\tfrac {F}{A}}{\tfrac {\Delta {l}}{l_{0}}}}={\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon }}=E}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typische_Zahlenwerte">Typische Zahlenwerte</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe7" colspan="2"><a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metallische</a> Werkstoffe bei 20 °C
</th>
<th rowspan="17" width="1" class="hintergrundfarbe1">
</th>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe7" colspan="2"><a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetallische</a> Werkstoffe bei 20 °C
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Material
</th>
<th>E-Modul in <a href="Pascal_(Einheit)#Gigapascal" title="Pascal (Einheit)">GPa</a>
</th>
<th>Material
</th>
<th>E-Modul in <a href="Pascal_(Einheit)#Gigapascal" title="Pascal (Einheit)">GPa</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Baustahl" title="Baustahl">Baustahl</a>
</td>
<td>210<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Polyvinylchlorid" title="Polyvinylchlorid">PVC</a>
</td>
<td>1,0 … 3,5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Nichtrostender_Stahl" title="Nichtrostender Stahl">Edelstahl</a> z. B. <a href="Nichtrostender_Stahl#Werkstoffnummer_1.4301_–_X5CrNi18-10" title="Nichtrostender Stahl">1.4301</a>
</td>
<td>200<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Glas" title="Glas">Glas</a>
</td>
<td>40 … 90<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a>
</td>
<td>303
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Beton" title="Beton">Beton</a>
</td>
<td>20 … 40<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Gusseisen" title="Gusseisen">Gusseisen</a>
</td>
<td>90 … 145<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Keramik" title="Keramik">Keramik</a>
</td>
<td>160 … 440<sup id="cite_ref-tietz2013technische_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tietz2013technische-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Kupfer</a>
</td>
<td>100 … 130<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Holz" title="Holz">Holz</a> (in Längsrichtung,<br>also parallel zu den <a href="Holzfaser" title="Holzfaser">Holzfasern</a>)
</td>
<td>10 … 20<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Messing" title="Messing">Messing</a>
</td>
<td>78 … 123<sup id="cite_ref-Das_Ingenieurwissen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das_Ingenieurwissen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Polypropylen" title="Polypropylen">Polypropylen</a>
</td>
<td>1,3 … 1,8<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a>
</td>
<td>195 … 205<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Naturkautschuk" title="Naturkautschuk">Kautschuk</a>
</td>
<td>bis 0,05<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a>
</td>
<td>70<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Graphen" title="Graphen">Graphen</a>
</td>
<td>ca. 1000<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a>
</td>
<td>44<sup id="cite_ref-Das_Ingenieurwissen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das_Ingenieurwissen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a>
</td>
<td>ca. 1000<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Blei</a>
</td>
<td>19<sup id="cite_ref-Das_Ingenieurwissen_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das_Ingenieurwissen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Marmor" title="Marmor">Marmor</a>
</td>
<td>72<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>
</td>
<td>78<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Eis" title="Eis">Eis</a> (−4 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a>)
</td>
<td>10<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Silicium</a> (<a href="Polykristall" title="Polykristall">polykristallin</a>)
</td>
<td>160<sup id="cite_ref-Hopcroft_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopcroft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Ebonit" title="Ebonit">Hartgummi</a>
</td>
<td>5<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Titan</a>
</td>
<td>110<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Klinker" title="Klinker">Klinker</a>
</td>
<td>27<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a>
</td>
<td>405<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchling_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zink</a>
</td>
<td>83<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beziehungen_elastischer_Konstanten">Beziehungen elastischer Konstanten</h2></div>
<p>Neben dem Elastizitätsmodul werden weitere elastische Materialkonstanten wie z. B. <a href="Schubmodul" title="Schubmodul">Schubmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, <a href="Poissonzahl" title="Poissonzahl">Poissonzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span> und <a href="Kompressionsmodul" title="Kompressionsmodul">Kompressionsmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert, zwischen denen abhängig vom Grad der <a href="Anisotropie" title="Anisotropie">Anisotropie</a> <a href="Umrechnung_zwischen_den_elastischen_Konstanten" title="Umrechnung zwischen den elastischen Konstanten">elastische Beziehungen</a> bestehen.
</p><p>So gilt bspw. für ein linear-elastisches, <a href="Isotropie" title="Isotropie">isotropes</a> Material
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=2(1+\nu )\cdot G=3(1-2\nu )\cdot K={\frac {9KG}{3K+G}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=2(1+\nu )\cdot G=3(1-2\nu )\cdot K={\frac {9KG}{3K+G}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e31701e346d0a4e492ced0c6722bee7ddc3d68eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:44.629ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=2(1+\nu )\cdot G=3(1-2\nu )\cdot K={\frac {9KG}{3K+G}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Da für nicht-<a href="Auxetisches_Material" title="Auxetisches Material">auxetische</a>, <a href="Isotropie" title="Isotropie">isotrope</a> Materialien die <a href="Poissonzahl" title="Poissonzahl">Poissonzahl</a> nur Werte zwischen 0 (maximale Volumenänderung) und 0,5 (Volumenkonstanz) annehmen kann, liegt das Niveau des <a href="Schubmodul" title="Schubmodul">Schubmoduls</a> dieser Festkörper zwischen 33 und 50 Prozent des E-Modul-Wertes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sehr weiche Materialien wie <a href="Gel" title="Gel">Gele</a> oder <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a>-<a href="Schmelzen" title="Schmelzen">Schmelzen</a> können sich unter ihrem Eigengewicht verformen und daher nur schwer einer uniaxialen <a href="Zugversuch" title="Zugversuch">Zug-</a> oder <a href="Druckversuch" title="Druckversuch">Druckbelastung</a> ausgesetzt werden. Aus diesem Grund wird hier – meist im Rahmen einer <a href="Dynamisch-mechanische_Analyse" title="Dynamisch-mechanische Analyse">dynamisch-mechanischen Analyse</a> – experimentell der Schubmodul bestimmt.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bezug_zu_anderen_Eigenschaften_metallischer_Werkstoffe">Bezug zu anderen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe</h2></div>
<p>Der E-Modul hat keinen strengen Bezug zur <a href="H%C3%A4rte" title="Härte">Härte</a> sowie zu den <a href="Festigkeit" title="Festigkeit">Festigkeitskennwerten</a> <a href="Streckgrenze" title="Streckgrenze">Streckgrenze</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{e}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{e}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0db90f44b6b50f5e049da49e2dea514a260ba9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.762ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{e}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <a href="Zugfestigkeit" title="Zugfestigkeit">Zugfestigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85a544208f90624bd5716c0fe4f511545cefff01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.439ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Werkstoff#Einteilung" title="Werkstoff"> metallischer Werkstoffe</a> (z. B. einfacher <a href="Baustahl" title="Baustahl">Baustahl</a> und hochfester <a href="Stahl#Einteilung_nach_Anwendungsgebieten" title="Stahl"> Sonderstahl</a>). Der E-Modul eines <a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalls</a> steigt mit seiner <a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelztemperatur</a>. Zudem besitzen <a href="Kubisches_Kristallsystem#Bravaisgitter" title="Kubisches Kristallsystem">kubisch raumzentrierte</a> Metalle bei vergleichbarer Schmelztemperatur einen höheren E-Modul als <a href="Kubisches_Kristallsystem#Bravaisgitter" title="Kubisches Kristallsystem">kubisch flächenzentrierte</a>. Der Zusammenhang auf atomarer Ebene ergibt sich aus der <a href="Gitterenergie" title="Gitterenergie">Bindungsstärke</a> der Atome im Kristallgitter.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spannungen_und_Dehnungen_in_statisch_(un)bestimmten_Systemen"><span id="Spannungen_und_Dehnungen_in_statisch_.28un.29bestimmten_Systemen"></span>Spannungen und Dehnungen in statisch (un)bestimmten Systemen</h2></div>
<p>In <a href="Statische_Bestimmtheit" title="Statische Bestimmtheit">statisch bestimmten</a> Systemen ergeben sich die mechanischen Spannungen im linear-<a href="Elastizit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Elastizität (Physik)">elastischen</a> Bereich aus der Last (einwirkende Kräfte) und der Geometrie, während die Dehnungen vom E-Modul der Werkstoffe abhängen. Verformt sich das Material <a href="Plastizit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Plastizität (Physik)">plastisch</a>, so werden Spannungen dadurch begrenzt.
</p><p>In Fällen <a href="Statische_Bestimmtheit#Grad_der_statischen_Bestimmtheit" title="Statische Bestimmtheit">statischer Unbestimmtheit</a> (z. B. Durchlaufträger, behinderte Wärmedehnung, Schiffsrumpf im Wellengang oder im <a href="Gezeiten" title="Gezeiten">Tidenhub</a>) sind die wirkenden Kräfte und induzierten Spannungen abhängig von der <a href="Steifigkeit" title="Steifigkeit">Steifigkeit</a> des statischen Systems. In solchen Fällen können Bauteile aus <a href="Nachgiebigkeit_(Werkstoffkunde)" title="Nachgiebigkeit (Werkstoffkunde)">nachgiebigeren</a> Werkstoffen mit niedrigerem Elastizitätsmodul bewirken, dass Spannungen geringer ausfallen. Die Bauteile passen sich flexibler den Gegebenheiten an. Steifere Werkstoffe hingegen widersetzen sich in höherem Maße der elastischen Verformung, wodurch sich größere Spannungen aufbauen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E-Modul_versus_Steifigkeit">E-Modul versus Steifigkeit</h2></div>
<p>Der Begriff <a href="Steifigkeit" title="Steifigkeit">Steifigkeit</a> im Sinne der <a href="Technische_Mechanik" title="Technische Mechanik">Technischen Mechanik</a> beschreibt allgemein den Widerstand von Körpern oder Baugruppen gegen elastische <a href="Verformung" title="Verformung">Verformung</a> durch mechanische <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kräfte</a> oder <a href="Moment_(Technische_Mechanik)" title="Moment (Technische Mechanik)">Momente</a>. Ihr Wert ergibt sich somit nicht allein aus den elastischen Eigenschaften der verwendeten Materialien, sondern wird ebenfalls durch die jeweilige Körpergeometrie bzw. Konstruktion (z. B. Maschinensteifigkeit) bestimmt. Im Falle des <a href="Zugversuch" title="Zugversuch">Zugversuches</a> ist die Zug- bzw. <a href="Steifigkeit#Dehnsteifigkeit" title="Steifigkeit">Dehnsteifigkeit</a> der Probe das Produkt aus deren (effektiven) E-Modul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie der kleinsten <a href="Orthogonalit%C3%A4t" title="Orthogonalität">orthogonal</a> belasteten Querschnittsfläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {t} }=E\cdot A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {t} }=E\cdot A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/125b83b1b1d1ce97e3499d1792bc8d6509cc142a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.593ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {t} }=E\cdot A}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Ma%C3%9Feinheit" title="Maßeinheit">physikalische Einheit</a> entspricht hierbei der einer <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a>.
</p><p>Der Begriff <i>Steifigkeit</i> im Sinne einer Werkstoffeigenschaft bezieht sich auf das Deformationsverhalten des Werkstoffes im <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Elastizität (Physik)">elastischen</a> Bereich. Hier entfällt die Geometrieabhängigkeit, weshalb allein die elastischen Materialkennwerte, z. B. E-Modul und <a href="Schubmodul" title="Schubmodul">Schubmodul</a> zur Charakterisierung herangezogen werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Das_Hookesche_Gesetz_in_skalarer_und_allgemeiner_Form">Das Hookesche Gesetz in skalarer und allgemeiner Form</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Hookesches_Gesetz" title="Hookesches Gesetz">Hookesches Gesetz</a></i></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tstensor" title="Elastizitätstensor">Elastizitätstensor</a></i></div>
<p>Die Beziehung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma =E\cdot \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma =E\cdot \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d703f44b1381590e63929e5042074df101cc6e3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.966ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma =E\cdot \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> in <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">skalarer</a> Schreibweise gilt nur für querdehnungsfreie Materialien oder für den einachsigen <a href="Spannungszustand" title="Spannungszustand">Spannungszustand</a> (z. B. <a href="Zugversuch" title="Zugversuch">einachsiger Zug</a>). Im mehrachsigen Spannungszustand muss das <a href="Hookesches_Gesetz" title="Hookesches Gesetz">Hookesche Gesetz</a> abhängig vom Grad der elastischen <a href="Anisotropie" title="Anisotropie">Anisotropie</a> in seiner allgemeinen Form angewendet werden. So gilt beispielsweise für die laterale Verformung dünner <a href="Hookesches_Gesetz#Isotrope_Medien" title="Hookesches Gesetz">isotroper</a> Platten (<a href="Spannungszustand#Ebener_Spannungszustand" title="Spannungszustand">ebener Spannungszustand</a>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{xx}\\\sigma _{yy}\\\sigma _{xy}\end{array}}\right)={\frac {E}{1-\nu ^{2}}}\left({\begin{array}{ccc}1&\nu &0\\\nu &1&0\\0&0&{\frac {1-\nu }{2}}\end{array}}\right)\left({\begin{array}{c}\varepsilon _{xx}\\\varepsilon _{yy}\\2\varepsilon _{xy}\end{array}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
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</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{xx}\\\sigma _{yy}\\\sigma _{xy}\end{array}}\right)={\frac {E}{1-\nu ^{2}}}\left({\begin{array}{ccc}1&\nu &0\\\nu &1&0\\0&0&{\frac {1-\nu }{2}}\end{array}}\right)\left({\begin{array}{c}\varepsilon _{xx}\\\varepsilon _{yy}\\2\varepsilon _{xy}\end{array}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f94d6411445c5f1213b336d58c878760b7cb54f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.287ex; margin-bottom: -0.217ex; width:44.071ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\begin{array}{c}\sigma _{xx}\\\sigma _{yy}\\\sigma _{xy}\end{array}}\right)={\frac {E}{1-\nu ^{2}}}\left({\begin{array}{ccc}1&\nu &0\\\nu &1&0\\0&0&{\frac {1-\nu }{2}}\end{array}}\right)\left({\begin{array}{c}\varepsilon _{xx}\\\varepsilon _{yy}\\2\varepsilon _{xy}\end{array}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Poissonzahl" title="Poissonzahl">Poissonzahl</a> bezeichnet. Die Dehnung in Dickenrichtung ergibt sich zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{zz}=-{\frac {\nu }{E}}(\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{zz}=-{\frac {\nu }{E}}(\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/468c47bed50b8db89d93f189daaec4f27ca38c87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.656ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{zz}=-{\frac {\nu }{E}}(\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bauteilversteifung_durch_biaxiale_Spannungszustände"><span id="Bauteilversteifung_durch_biaxiale_Spannungszust.C3.A4nde"></span>Bauteilversteifung durch biaxiale Spannungszustände</h2></div>
<p>Beim Übergang vom einachsigen (uniaxialen) in den zweiachsigen (biaxialen) Spannungszustand können für Bauteile und Schichten aus <a href="Homogenit%C3%A4t" title="Homogenität">homogenem</a>, <a href="Isotropie" title="Isotropie">isotropem</a> Material zwei einfache Sonderfälle unterschieden werden. Dabei wird aufgrund der Beeinflussung der <a href="Querkontraktion" title="Querkontraktion">Querkontraktion</a> für nicht-<a href="Auxetisches_Material" title="Auxetisches Material">auxetische</a> Materialien mit einer <a href="Poissonzahl" title="Poissonzahl">Poissonzahl</a> echt größer Null stets ein höherer Modul in der Belastungsrichtung gemessen.
</p><p>Infolge einer verhinderten <a href="Querkontraktion" title="Querkontraktion">Querkontraktion</a> (ε<sub>yy</sub> = 0) ergibt sich dieser zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{x}^{*}={\frac {E}{1-\nu ^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{x}^{*}={\frac {E}{1-\nu ^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0511b11c557181ebf986194ff65d1505201823ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.137ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{x}^{*}={\frac {E}{1-\nu ^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<p>Liegt in Quer- bzw. y-Richtung zusätzlich eine Belastung in der Höhe σ<sub>yy</sub> = σ<sub>xx</sub> vor, so ist der „biaxiale E-Modul“
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{x}^{**}={\frac {E}{1-\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{x}^{**}={\frac {E}{1-\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fa217327c387153695cec826ec0bb29f31ef66d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.84ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{x}^{**}={\frac {E}{1-\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<p>Letzterer hat z. B. Bedeutung für die laterale <a href="Steifigkeit" title="Steifigkeit">Steifigkeit</a> haftender <a href="Beschichten" title="Beschichten">Schichten</a>, etwa bei Unterschieden im <a href="Ausdehnungskoeffizient" title="Ausdehnungskoeffizient">thermischen Ausdehnungsverhalten</a> zwischen Schicht und Substrat. Der Erstgenannte kommt in dickwandigen Bauteilen oder sehr breiten <a href="Balkentheorie" title="Balkentheorie">Balken</a> zum Tragen. Die beiden abgeleiteten Größen sind jedoch keine Werkstoffkonstanten im ursprünglichen Sinn.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Umrechnung_zwischen_den_elastischen_Konstanten_isotroper_Festkörper"><span id="Umrechnung_zwischen_den_elastischen_Konstanten_isotroper_Festk.C3.B6rper"></span>Umrechnung zwischen den elastischen Konstanten isotroper Festkörper</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center">
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe8">
<th style="vertical-align:bottom" rowspan="2">Der Modul…
</th>
<th colspan="11">…ergibt sich aus:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe8">
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (K,\,E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (K,\,E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/996a015d617843aa00212a26839fbae210c834a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.072ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (K,\,E)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (K,\,\lambda )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (K,\,\lambda )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/423e5f4d1c8ee39ba6de7bc5e48df6837fff232a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.652ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (K,\,\lambda )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (K,\,G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (K,\,G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bae48568e7a818eb72621f7cd602d0effc7e3648.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.123ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (K,\,G)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (K,\,\nu )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (K,\,\nu )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2f6df6fb9936ea5a0e15358e66802cafe9b747d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.528ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (K,\,\nu )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (E,\,\lambda )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (E,\,\lambda )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5c948c9a642e3318131878edf4a3d45bfb90f8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.361ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (E,\,\lambda )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (E,\,G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (E,\,G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee52d776f2cb07c88fbac6567029158dff718e01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.833ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (E,\,G)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (E,\,\nu )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (E,\,\nu )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d858acfba62fc12da4ae6fa0759b9df87c51d96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.238ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (E,\,\nu )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7bffd6d22cc67fd1a35a585b13d7b32a74ce6b1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.412ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,G)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,\nu )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,\nu )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbafda646cd2c8251ec73dbe5efd428aee76544e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.818ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,\nu )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (G,\,\nu )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (G,\,\nu )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03de031e73561f10f24638feaf69d90abe32aea5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.289ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (G,\,\nu )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (G,\,M)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (G,\,M)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40060aa6964ead07257199a60095ec47599c9455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.499ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (G,\,M)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Kompressionsmodul" title="Kompressionsmodul">Kompressionsmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/492094dd0f8aec54c51b011cf9a1ae0aeaf89e38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (E+3\lambda )/6+}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (E+3\lambda )/6+}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a677df319f754cb29aa51ce205fcb5e51a408b71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.076ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (E+3\lambda )/6+}" loading="lazy"></span></small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E+3\lambda )^{2}-4\lambda E}}{6}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</msqrt>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E+3\lambda )^{2}-4\lambda E}}{6}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/100c2b34cf8dddb904b7b3a5b56da79294f65900.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:13.219ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E+3\lambda )^{2}-4\lambda E}}{6}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {EG}{3(3G-E)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {EG}{3(3G-E)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/94fef5491daefd3b9667bfd32eb6e4b3f31a67aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.585ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {EG}{3(3G-E)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{3(1-2\nu )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{3(1-2\nu )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49073e20128a9ecf62b06e95a6e611808b4a1015.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.731ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{3(1-2\nu )}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda +}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda +}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c08fed708218dfe53f1c9ed3e60b5381dc5321e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.163ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda +}" loading="lazy"></span></small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbe6eaf3b831f42c3953bc9fce83f851f229b7fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.95ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )}{3\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )}{3\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8668d7ae1d4ba0bea79bc24b22969de2e0020b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.046ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )}{3\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1+\nu )}{3(1-2\nu )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1+\nu )}{3(1-2\nu )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7f8f5046df3cc6a7152f9fa56845d5dbce78033.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.201ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1+\nu )}{3(1-2\nu )}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M-}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M-}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/491f170e0c60c5650dee4d2e0f9e94206e2755b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:4.25ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M-}" loading="lazy"></span></small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/349005a0ea0771949c65f6b25ff9b44c7b8f0b69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.95ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elastizitätsmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9123abddc2ec35f72035ec59f443c79ee052c9ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.163ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(K-\lambda )}{3K-\lambda }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(K-\lambda )}{3K-\lambda }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3233ebb13df867ba5551fefa7e092733fea80c42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:8.096ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(K-\lambda )}{3K-\lambda }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9KG}{3K+G}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9KG}{3K+G}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5440c8c124cded6c55e978cbf920e76e4883a51b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:5.689ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9KG}{3K+G}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3K(1-2\nu )\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3K(1-2\nu )\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd567543f973005ad7031789e6219f93463e6d87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.822ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3K(1-2\nu )\,}" loading="lazy"></span></small>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0994ccfa74411f35a8f0762379eddc3660bfec4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:8.58ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16ba478690ce90bc61e86d5b21ef89e8d97c0223.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.119ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2G(1+\nu )\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2G(1+\nu )\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ecc39d8499aa0848351a6510b116bd2dfea06d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.421ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2G(1+\nu )\,}" loading="lazy"></span></small>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3M-4G)}{M-G}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3M-4G)}{M-G}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b53b71a131246c16879e071ac283f0cf16bc255.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:9.348ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3M-4G)}{M-G}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Lam%C3%A9-Konstanten" title="Lamé-Konstanten">1. Lamé-Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/988b7b8a22b11081bc97378c30391f573535c21c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.742ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K-E)}{9K-E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K-E)}{9K-E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cad8348883df915b9b03fb2820ec6b096640f4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:9.215ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K-E)}{9K-E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K-}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K-}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4bbddd69a002990563c7f6aa72e066204fb94f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.874ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K-}" loading="lazy"></span></small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbe6eaf3b831f42c3953bc9fce83f851f229b7fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.95ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K\nu }{1+\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K\nu }{1+\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1194366850f7d5421ab50b6c2706e58498f7ea96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.99ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K\nu }{1+\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(E-2G)}{3G-E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(E-2G)}{3G-E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b592ec0480b2ca3a99ea29d9cbd0b631d777d4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:8.055ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(E-2G)}{3G-E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E\nu }{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E\nu }{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7aa443ecbbd2c92a028d26ee25863bbc1592b4b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.16ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E\nu }{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d011b18df127233873f4af03b50318509583006e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.63ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M-2G\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M-2G\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4777994467bbd835a560ddf3d9b7a9bb88f6be15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.659ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M-2G\,}" loading="lazy"></span></small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Schubmodul" title="Schubmodul">Schubmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span><br>(2. Lamé-Konstante)
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3KE}{9K-E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3KE}{9K-E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdd679253fa436a6900d1cf949d909d3b09cf3c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:5.653ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3KE}{9K-E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(K-\lambda )}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(K-\lambda )}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d4ffacd8fb2de88a240a663a13067a7c3e921f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.635ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(K-\lambda )}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-2\nu )}{2(1+\nu )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-2\nu )}{2(1+\nu )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31c8588d1514e15c703af716b1d98c94ef2ad4c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.192ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-2\nu )}{2(1+\nu )}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (E-3\lambda )+}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (E-3\lambda )+}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95f8b0e46d945e0bca51d36787ca9bf399951a39.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.751ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (E-3\lambda )+}" loading="lazy"></span></small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E-3\lambda )^{2}+8\lambda E}}{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</msqrt>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E-3\lambda )^{2}+8\lambda E}}{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4021c82c55b79608f6405f145bb8a950ff3dcfa4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:13.219ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E-3\lambda )^{2}+8\lambda E}}{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea91afdc4bb2364d6deb22ee5653d33451c8d7b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.909ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-2\nu )}{2\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-2\nu )}{2\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0ae2f9d9801984c3a421791f68ed6d206906ce4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.868ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-2\nu )}{2\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Poissonzahl" title="Poissonzahl">Poissonzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu \,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu \,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32a13ab64f1a72c7827e70aed42c8fcb323bd7bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.619ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu \,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-E}{6K}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-E}{6K}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52e22f238cec78b55c3b21bb03bd0f6bc122006b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:5.653ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-E}{6K}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{3K-\lambda }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{3K-\lambda }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1c70a68ad578ac446b83ae2af368a85554e2f4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:5.356ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{3K-\lambda }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-2G}{2(3K+G)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-2G}{2(3K+G)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b11dec1ab89c26fc5ad5719fd2932e1dc68f4cb3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.791ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-2G}{2(3K+G)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -(E+\lambda )+}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -(E+\lambda )+}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b40dc9a8ad1072a3137d454e5aa059c685db2c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.397ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -(E+\lambda )+}" loading="lazy"></span></small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E+\lambda )^{2}+8\lambda ^{2}}}{4\lambda }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E+\lambda )^{2}+8\lambda ^{2}}}{4\lambda }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1f53e6f856cb9edc51f219929716b151c0398dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:11.973ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {(E+\lambda )^{2}+8\lambda ^{2}}}{4\lambda }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2G}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2G}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4418d64c78abbd933103b2cf55cab0ccd145e8e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.95ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2G}}}" loading="lazy"></span><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/704fb0427140d054dd267925495e78164fee9aac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1}" loading="lazy"></span></small>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/569977b3b51798797b8ed7d287e828ef07cdb54a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.466ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-2G}{2M-2G}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-2G}{2M-2G}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d95ab5446ac8be62e025bbc4461d19ad03ddb0ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:6.777ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-2G}{2M-2G}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Longitudinalmodul" title="Longitudinalmodul">Longitudinalmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa66ea8156203e93f2dca12aca24538c2bdce761.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.829ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K+E)}{9K-E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K+E)}{9K-E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c924e463a20a0f63bd2f876283e3fb1a965db68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:9.215ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K+E)}{9K-E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3K-2\lambda \,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3K-2\lambda \,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dccc234a5195e4cc32a106e7280ce2e082a9da43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.974ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3K-2\lambda \,}" loading="lazy"></span></small>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K+}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K+}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/707d7e6fce435495b9592608fd9372f1f15a728e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.874ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K+}" loading="lazy"></span></small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/349005a0ea0771949c65f6b25ff9b44c7b8f0b69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.95ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {4G}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-\nu )}{1+\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-\nu )}{1+\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c09e8d1337a766b61ba2b9948fa4af1503d2ede0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:7.37ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-\nu )}{1+\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-\lambda +{\sqrt {E^{2}+9\lambda ^{2}+2E\lambda }}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-\lambda +{\sqrt {E^{2}+9\lambda ^{2}+2E\lambda }}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d1445f09c01236e46d0e21aa00dff9589fc7085.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.555ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-\lambda +{\sqrt {E^{2}+9\lambda ^{2}+2E\lambda }}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(4G-E)}{3G-E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(4G-E)}{3G-E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06fef6489910b32a86944f5fe2f5f0c1473e87c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:8.055ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(4G-E)}{3G-E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E(1-\nu )}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E(1-\nu )}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7abf15539e84aef12ea7f6aed6ac61b939e0897a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.16ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E(1-\nu )}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><small><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda +2G\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda +2G\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f04bd3c70df3389cd672961e8ba5636aa8d5fb48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.572ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda +2G\,}" loading="lazy"></span></small>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-\nu )}{\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-\nu )}{\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4b0e21d0522f123eb9043c4e4352bbfd0944365.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.046ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-\nu )}{\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1-\nu )}{1-2\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1-\nu )}{1-2\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/036c5b70861f3145642c2d797f6cbf666ea26dbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:7.201ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1-\nu )}{1-2\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tsgesetz" title="Elastizitätsgesetz">Elastizitätsgesetz</a></li>
<li><a href="Impulserregungstechnik" title="Impulserregungstechnik">Impulserregungstechnik</a></li>
<li><a href="Kriechmodul" title="Kriechmodul">Kriechmodul</a></li>
<li><a href="Spezifische_Steifigkeit" title="Spezifische Steifigkeit">spezifische Steifigkeit</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Elastizitätsmodul">Wiktionary: Elastizitätsmodul</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/mw1_ge/kap_7/illustr/t7_1_2.html">Elastizitätsmoduln gängiger Werkstoffe</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.polymerservice-merseburg.de/index.php/Steifigkeit">Der Begriff <i>Steifigkeit</i> in der Werkstoffprüfung</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Kuchling-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-12">m</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuchling_1-13">n</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Kuchling: <cite style="font-style:italic">Taschenbuch der Physik</cite>. Carl Hanser, 2011, ISBN 978-3-446-42457-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>624<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>f</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.au=Horst+Kuchling&rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+der+Physik&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783446424579&rft.pages=624+f.&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://facts.kloeckner.de/werkstoffe/edelstahl-werkstoffe/1-4301/"><i>1.4301 Datenblatt: Eigenschaften, Anwendungsgebiete, Besonderheiten.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 7. März 2025</span> (deutsch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AElastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.title=1.4301+Datenblatt%3A+Eigenschaften%2C+Anwendungsgebiete%2C+Besonderheiten&rft.description=1.4301+Datenblatt%3A+Eigenschaften%2C+Anwendungsgebiete%2C+Besonderheiten&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Ffacts.kloeckner.de%2Fwerkstoffe%2Fedelstahl-werkstoffe%2F1-4301%2F&rft.language=de-DE"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tietz2013technische-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tietz2013technische_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst-Dieter Tietz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Technische Keramik: Aufbau, Eigenschaften, Herstellung, Bearbeitung, Prüfung</cite>. Springer, 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=iWoeBgAAQBAJ&q=E-Modul+GPa">google.at</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.au=Horst-Dieter+Tietz&rft.btitle=Technische+Keramik%3A+Aufbau%2C+Eigenschaften%2C+Herstellung%2C+Bearbeitung%2C+Pr%C3%BCfung&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091115152133/http://www4.architektur.tu-darmstadt.de/buildingmaterials/db/251,id_17,s_GeneView.fb15">Kupfer.</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 15. November 2009 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) Buildingmaterials.de</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915105003/http://www.erlacher.net/wdb/metalle.php?doctype=2&id=6&gruppe=6">Metalle – Kupfer.</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 15. September 2013 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) Baustoffsammlung der Fakultät für Architektur der TU München</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/stiffness-density/NS6Chart.html">University of Cambridge</a>, interaktive Grafik (mit der Maus über das Wort "Wood products" fahren), abgerufen am 16. Januar 2024</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Das_Ingenieurwissen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Das_Ingenieurwissen_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Das_Ingenieurwissen_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Das_Ingenieurwissen_7-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Horst_Czichos" title="Horst Czichos">Horst Czichos</a>, <a href="Manfred_Hennecke" title="Manfred Hennecke">Manfred Hennecke</a> (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Hütte: Das Ingenieurwissen</cite>. Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-540-20325-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>E 66</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.btitle=H%C3%BCtte%3A+Das+Ingenieurwissen&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540203257&rft.pages=E+66&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Weißbach: <cite style="font-style:italic">Werkstoffkunde: Strukturen, Eigenschaften, Prüfung</cite>. Springer-Verlag, 2012, ISBN 3-8348-8318-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>268</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.au=Wolfgang+Wei%C3%9Fbach&rft.btitle=Werkstoffkunde%3A+Strukturen%2C+Eigenschaften%2C+Pr%C3%BCfung&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3834883182&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lee-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Changgu Lee, Xiaoding Wei, Jeffrey W. Kysar, James Hone: <cite style="font-style:italic">Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>321</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5887</span>, 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>385–388</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996">10.1126/science.1157996</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+the+Elastic+Properties+and+Intrinsic+Strength+of+Monolayer+Graphene&rft.au=Changgu+Lee%2C+Xiaoding+Wei%2C+Jeffrey+W.+Kysar%2C+...&rft.date=2008&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1157996&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5887&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=385-388&rft.volume=321" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael F. Ashby, David R.H. Jones: <i>Engineering Materials.</i> I, 2. Auflage. 1996, Fig. 3–5, S. 35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hopcroft-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopcroft_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew A. Hopcroft, <a href="William_D._Nix" title="William D. Nix">William D. Nix</a>, Thomas W. Kenny: <cite style="font-style:italic">What is the Young’s Modulus of Silicon?</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>229–238</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697">10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Young%E2%80%99s+Modulus+of+Silicon%3F&rft.au=Matthew+A.+Hopcroft%2C+William+D.+Nix%2C+Thomas+W.+Kenny&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1109%2FJMEMS.2009.2039697&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Microelectromechanical+Systems&rft.pages=229-238&rft.volume=19" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_417.html"><i>Young's Modulus, Tensile Strength and Yield Strength Values for some Materials.</i></a> In: <i>engineeringtoolbox.com.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 17. August 2022</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AElastizit%C3%A4tsmodul&rft.title=Young%27s+Modulus%2C+Tensile+Strength+and+Yield+Strength+Values+for+some+Materials&rft.description=Young%27s+Modulus%2C+Tensile+Strength+and+Yield+Strength+Values+for+some+Materials&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Fyoung-modulus-d_417.html&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Schubmodul#Zusammenhang_mit_anderen_Materialkonstanten" title="Schubmodul">Schubmodul #Zusammenhang mit anderen Materialkonstanten</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Scherrheometer" title="Scherrheometer">Scherrheometer</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Mavko, T. Mukerji, J. Dvorkin: <i>The Rock Physics Handbook</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-54344-4 (paperback).</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
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Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4151691-6">4151691-6</a></span> </div>
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